Men nu diskuteras det i Europa om inte även västeuropeiska välfärdssamhällen har en sådan "working poor"-klass. I Tyskland har ojämlikhet varit en stor fråga och förslag om laglig minimilön en av de stora politiska diskussionerna de senaste åren** och upprördheten över ökade ojämlikheter och den s k kvartalskapitalismens härjningar är stor***. (Notera att synen på "globalisering" är klart mer kritisk/pessimistisk i t ex Tyskland än i Sverige - en sådan debattartikel som Göran Johnssons och Lars-Olof Petterssons om Norberg kontra Klein känns rejält svensk.)
Eurotopics Magazine har en ny artikel av den nederländske ekonomen Wierner Salverda om spridningen av "working poor"-fenomenet till Europa.
Wierner Salverda, "The bottom quarter", Eurotopics Magazine 28 maj 2008
Salverda återger ny forskning (publicerad i mars) från Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies och Russell Sage Foundation om utvecklingen i USA och Europa. I USA räknas ungefär 25% av de arbetande som working poor och i Europa är det framför allt i Tyskland, Nederländerna och Storbritannien som andelen ökar kraftigt.
"The types of job performed for low pay appear to be virtually identical in all countries, and are concentrated in the hotel, catering and retail industries. They carry higher risks for women, immigrants, youth and part-time workers. The same jobs were found to be of universally poor quality in all of the six countries studied except where in some cases - for example meat processing in Denmark or the Netherlands - the jobs together with the whole production process have been upgraded to a higher level of productivity allowing higher wages. However, researchers found that low-wage workers in the EU are significantly better off than their counterparts in the USA, thanks to Europe's extensive social insurance and universal healthcare."---
*För en noggrann genomgång av både empiri och de historiska diskussionerna och jämförelserna mellan USA och Europa från Tocqueville och framåt se Robert Erikson och John H Goldthorpe, "Are American rates of social mobility exceptionally high? New evidence on an old issue", European Sociological Review maj 1985 s 1-22.
**Se t ex Ulrike Meyer-Timpe, "Mindestlon - so nicht!", Die Zeit 27 mars 2008 s 23. Om ojämlikhetsdebatter generellt i Väst, se John Thornhill, "Income equality seen as the great divide", Financial Times 19 maj 2008 s 3; och John Plender, "Mind the gap: Why business may face a crisis of legitimacy", Financial Times 8 april 2008 s 7.
***Jfr Stefan Theil, "Calculating to a fault", Newsweek 29 oktober 2007 s 22: "The Zeitgeist [i Tyskland] has definitely turned left".
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Uppdatering, september 2009
En mäktig början på en antologi om arbetsförhållandena på de lägsta nivåerna av USA:s arbetsmarknad idag.
"At 6:00 a.m. in New York City, a domestic worker wakes up her employer’s children and starts to cook breakfast for them, in a work week in which she will earn a flat $400 for as many hours as her employer needs. In Chicago, men are picked up at a homeless shelter at 8:00 a.m. and bussed by a temp agency to a wholesale distribution center to spend the next 10 hours packing toys into boxes, for the minimum wage without overtime. In Atlanta, workers at a poultry processing plant break for lunch, hands raw from handling chemicals without protective gear. At 3:00 p.m. in Dallas, a new shift of nursing home workers start their day, severely understaffed and underpaid. During the evening rush hour in Minneapolis, gas stationworkers fill up tanks, working only for tips. In New Orleans, a dishwasher stays late into the night finishing the evening’s cleaning, off the clock and unpaid. And at midnight, a janitor in Los Angeles begins buffing the floor of a major retailer, working for a contract cleaning company that pays $8 an hour with no benefits.Annette Bernhardt, Heather Boushey, Laura Dresser, Chris Tilly, "An Introduction to the “Gloves-off” Economy", (pdf) Institute for Research on Labor and Employment (vid UCLA) Working Paper 5 2009 och kapitel 1 i The Gloves-Off Economy: Workplace Standards at the Bottom of America’s Labor Market (Cornell University Press, 2008).
These workers—and millions more—share more than the fact that they are paid low
wages. The central thesis of this volume is that they are part of the “gloves-off” economy, in which some employers are increasingly breaking, bending, or evading long-established laws and standards designed to protect workers. Such practices are sending fault lines into every corner of the low-wage labor market, stunting wages and working conditions for an expanding set of jobs. In the process, employers who play by the rules are under growing pressure to follow suit, intensifying the search for low-cost business strategies across a wide range of industries and eventually ratcheting up into higher wage parts of the labor market.
When we talk about the “gloves-off economy,” we are identifying a set of employer
strategies and practices that either evade or outright violate the core laws and standards that govern job quality in the U.S. While such strategies have long been present in certain sectors, such as sweatshops and marginal small businesses, we argue that they are spreading. This trend, driven by competitive pressures, has been shaped by an environment where other major economic actors—government, unions, and civil society—have either promoted deregulation or have been unable to contain gloves-off business strategies. The result, at the start of the 21st century, is the reality that a major segment of the U.S. labor market increasingly diverges from the legal and normative bounds put into place decades ago."
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Uppdatering 12 april 2011
Motoko Rich, "Many Jobs Seen as Failing to Meet the Basics", NYT 1 april 2011
Emma Jacobs skriver i FT om ett par böcker av journalister och forskare som wallraffat som låglönearbetare: brittiska vänsterjournalisten Polly Toynbee, amerikanska Barbara Ehrenreich, Caitlyn Kelly med nya Malled: My Unintentional Career in Retail, och University of Buffalo-managementprofessorn Jerry Newman med likaledes nya My Secret Life on the McJob. Newman uppger att han genom att wallraffa fick höra saker som han aldrig hade fått höra som professor, som en chef som berättade att hon medvetet behandlade en äldre anställd dåligt så att denne skulle säga upp sig och att chefen då skulle slippa sparka henne och betala ersättning för det.
Emma Jacobs, "Exposés of life on the breadline", FT 9 april 2011