Mellan 1850-talet och 1970-talet faller ration överskott/kapital (dvs profitkvoten), vilket kan förklaras av en ökad kapitalintensitet (ration kapital/value added) men också av en minskande kapitalandel (överskott/value added). (För en diskussion av operationalisring av profitkvoten som överskott/kapital, se s 191ff.) Sedan 1970-talet har denna trend omvänts. Edvinsson förtydligar och analyserar:
"The largest increase in the asset/value added ratio occurred in the early history of Swedish capitalism, roughly 1850-1880. This also coincided with the beginnings of industrialisation. The rise in the asset/value added ratio between the 1850s and 1970s can be viewed as part of the process of industrialisation and introduction of capitalism in the Swedish economy, and this meant that the economy moved from one 'balanced growth path' to another with a higher asset/value added ratio, to use neoclassical terminology. The investment ratio continued to rise in this period. As some processes of industrialisation were more or less completed in the 1960s and 1970s (and the relative size of industrial goods production even started to decline), the tendency for the asset/value added ratio to rise seized to be in operation. This was also connected to the fall in the investment ratio during the last decades of the 20th century. The depressed effect on profitability remains (is 'permanentised'), nevertheless, as the higher asset/value added ratio impedes the economy in achieving the higher surplus/asset-ratio that existed at the beginning of capitalist development." (287)Edvinsson menar alltså att även om kapitalintensiteten slutat öka efter 1970-talet, så håller den stora kapitalstocken ändå nere profitkvoten. Han skriver också bra om hur kapitalet sökt en ny ackumulationsstrategi efter 1970-talets djupa kris: flexibel ackumulation.
"The 1970s experienced the deepest crisis in profitability in the modern history of Sweden. In manufacturing and handicrafts, investment became larger than surplus. The historical tendencies producing such outcome were unsustainable. Capital accumulation found a new form – flexible accumulation (although economic change took a somewhat different course in Sweden than internationally). Flexible accumulation implies that the ratio of dead labour to living labour is slimmed down, which at the same time blocks the road to the more intensive forms of accumulation. Flexible accumulation could, instead, be seen as a more extensive mode of accumulation. At the international level, flexible accumulation presupposed globalisation and the opening up of the whole world to the penetration of capital accumulation. /.../
The Swedish economy went through a second wave of internationalisation and there was a shift in non-consumptive expenditures from investment to net export. The weight of foreign trade in relation to the aggregate economy almost doubled, and the investment ratio was almost halved. Lean production method slashed inventories and other expenses on constant capital. Profitability was restored, especially in manufacturing." (s 287f, 292)Det är inte utan att jag undrar hur den politisk-samhälleliga debatten skulle se ut om fler (eller några, alls) av deltagarna skulle ha med sig sådana här perspektiv någonstans i bakhuvudet.
Referens
Rodney Edvinsson, Growth Accumulation Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000. Doktorsavhandling i ekonomisk historia, Stockholms universitet, 2005.
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